An Evaluation for Impacts of Illuminating Crosswalk Markings on Driving Safety under Low Visibility Conditions
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摘要: 城市人行横道在夜间、雾天等低能见度环境下交通事故频发。交通设施视认性能不足、未能提供有效的冲突预警是重要原因。为探究新型发光标线与普通标线相比对于提升驾驶人视认距离、提供交通冲突预警的作用，基于Cinema 4D软件设计夜间及雾天2种低能见度行车场景，开展驾驶模拟实验，获取微观个体驾驶行为数据，使用Wilcoxon符号秩检验方法和Friedman秩和检验方法深入分析标线的发光颜色、发光模式、发光位置因素对于驾驶人视认距离及纵向速度调控行为的影响。实验结果表明：①低能见度场景中驾驶人在发光标线下的视认距离显著大于普通标线，夜间场景中白色、黄色和红色发光标线下驾驶人视认距离分别提升36%，21%，54%，雾天场景中白色、黄色和红色发光标线下驾驶人视认距离分别提升34%，17%，47%；②低能见度环境中，车辆在白色和红色发光标线下的减速幅度较普通标线显著增大，在黄色发光标线下减速幅度变化不显著，夜间场景中白色、红色发光标线下车辆减速幅度较普通标线分别提升了101%，150%，雾天场景中白色、红色发光标线下车辆减速幅度较普通标线分别提升了142%，194%；③发光标线的光源、发光形式与颜色对于驾驶人视认距离的影响具有显著的交互作用，标线不同属性的组合方式对驾驶人视认距离大小的影响有显著差异。Abstract: Frequent traffic accidents occur at urban pedestrian crossings during nighttime and foggy conditions due to low visibility. Insufficient visibility of traffic facilities and the lack of effective conflict warnings are significant factors. Driving simulation experiments are conducted to explore the effectiveness of new illuminating crosswalk markings compared to regular markings in enhancing drivers'visibility distance and providing traffic conflict warnings. These experiments are based on two low-visibility scenarios: nighttime and foggy conditions, designed using Cinema 4D software. Microscopic individual driving behavior data are collected. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Friedman rank sum test are used to deeply analyze the impact of luminescent color, luminescent mode, and luminescent position on drivers'visibility distance and longitudinal speed adjustment behavior. The results show that the drivers'visibility distance with illuminating crosswalk markings is significantly greater than with regular markings in low-visibility scenarios. In nighttime scenarios, the visibility distance with white, yellow, and red illuminating crosswalk markings increased by 36%, 21%, and 54%, respectively. In foggy scenarios, the visibility distance with white, yellow, and red illuminating crosswalk markings increased by 34%, 17%, and 47%, respectively. Besides, the deceleration magnitude of vehicles with white and red illuminating crosswalk markings is significantly greater than with regular markings in low-visibility environments, while the deceleration magnitude with yellow illuminating crosswalk markings is not significant. In nighttime scenarios, the deceleration magnitude of vehicles with white and red illuminating crosswalk markings increased by 101% and 150%, respectively, compared to regular markings. In foggy scenarios, the deceleration magnitude of vehicles with white and red illuminating crosswalk markings increased by 142% and 194%, respectively, compared to regular markings. Moreover, the light source, luminescent form, and color of the illuminating crosswalk markings have a significant interactive effect on drivers' visibility distance. Different combinations of marking attributes significantly impact drivers'visibility distance.
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图 2 不同颜色发光标线下的驾驶人视认距离
Figure 2. The driver's visual recognition distance under the different colored illuminating markings
图 3 不同发光设施布设形式下的驾驶人视认距离平均值
Figure 3. The average value of the driver's visual distance under different lighting arrangement
图 4 不同颜色发光标线下的车辆减速幅度
Figure 4. Vehicle deceleration amplitude under different colored illuminating markings
表 1 实验指标及含义
Table 1. Experimental index and its meaning
实验指标 说明 符号/单位 车辆减速幅度 车辆在人行横道前的平均运行速度与经过人行横道速度之差与人行横道前平均速度的比值 R 驾驶人视认距离 驾驶人可识别到发光标线的距离长度 LS/m 
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表 2 Wilcoxon符号秩检验结果
Table 2. Wilcoxon sign rank test results
环境 颜色 检验统计量 p-value 百分比差异效应大小/% 夜间 白色 105.5 0.000 36.09 黄色 202.5 0.000 21.43 红色 43.0 0.000 54.77 雾天 白色 156.0 0.000 34.60 黄色 349.0 0.036 17.24 红色 45.0 0.000 47.42
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表 3 Friedman秩和检验结果
Table 3. Friedman rank sum test results
标线发光形式 白色 黄色 红色 LED灯阵 闪烁 0.000 0.006 0.000 常亮 0.000 0.000 0.000 斑马线 闪烁 0.000 0.019 0.000 常亮 0.000 0.000 0.000
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表 4 Wilcoxon符号秩检验结果
Table 4. Wilcoxon sign rank test results
环境 颜色 检验统计量 p-value 百分比差异效应大小/% 夜间 白色 90.5 0.000 101.97 黄色 361.0 0.685 -1.80 红色 53.0 0.000 150.45 雾天 白色 9.0 0.000 142.86 黄色 413.5 0.826 21.22 红色 16.5 0.000 194.49
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表 5 Friedman秩和检验结果
Table 5. Friedman rank sum test results
标线发光形式 白色 黄色 红色 LED灯阵 闪烁 0.000 0.226 0.000 常亮 0.000 0.135 0.000 斑马线 闪烁 0.000 0.010 0.000 常亮 0.000 0.043 0.000
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